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NIH Collaboratory
Living Textbook of
Pragmatic Clinical Trials

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Rethinking Clinical Trials

A Living Textbook of Pragmatic Clinical Trials

  • Design
    • What is a Pragmatic Clinical Trial?
    • Decentralized Pragmatic Clinical Trials
    • Developing a Compelling Grant Application
    • Experimental Designs and Randomization Schemes
    • Endpoints and Outcomes
    • Analysis Plan
    • Using Electronic Health Record Data
    • Building Partnerships and Teams to Ensure a Successful Trial
    • Intervention Delivery and Complexity
    • Patient Engagement
  • Data, Tools & Conduct
    • Assessing Feasibility
    • Acquiring Real-World Data
    • Assessing Fitness-for-Use of Real-World Data
    • Study Startup
    • Participant Recruitment
    • Monitoring Intervention Fidelity and Adaptations
    • Patient-Reported Outcomes
    • Clinical Decision Support
    • Mobile Health
    • Electronic Health Records–Based Phenotyping
    • Navigating the Unknown
  • Dissemination & Implementation
    • Data Sharing and Embedded Research
    • Dissemination Approaches for Different Audiences
    • Implementation
    • End-of-Trial Decision-Making
  • Ethics & Regulatory
    • Privacy Considerations
    • Identifying Those Engaged in Research
    • Collateral Findings
    • Consent, Disclosure, and Non-Disclosure
    • Data and Safety Monitoring
    • Ethical Considerations of Data Sharing in Pragmatic Clinical Trials
    • Ethics for AI and ML
    • IRB Responsibilities and Procedures

Additional Resources – ARCHIVED

CHAPTER SECTIONS

ARCHIVED PAGE

Archived on July 31, 2025. Go to the latest version.

ARCHIVED – What is a Pragmatic Clinical Trial

Section 7

Additional Resources – ARCHIVED

Expand Contributors

Kevin Weinfurt, PhD

Contributing Editors

Karen Staman, MS
Jonathan McCall, MS
Liz Wing, MA

Training Resources for Embedded PCTs

The NIH Collaboratory offers practical resources for investigators interested in learning to design, conduct, and disseminate ePCTs. It includes presentations, videos, workshops, and guidance on how to build partnerships with health systems and overcome the challenges of conducting embedded pragmatic research. Visit the Training Resources page to explore these materials.

PCT Grand Rounds Presentations and Podcasts

An ongoing resource from the Collaboratory is the PCT Grand Rounds series held every Friday from 1-2 pm (ET). These are hour-long webinars with Q&A presented by experts on a wide range of topics related to ePCTs. Find all the webinars and related slides in the archive. Occasional Grand Rounds podcasts are also available that provide extra content from speakers through conversations with Collaboratory moderators about interesting and timely issues around ePCTs.

A special Grand Rounds series on content from the Living Textbook explores key aspects of planning and conducting embedded PCTs, beginning with Pragmatic Clinical Trials: How Do I Start? View the webinar below and download the slides (PDF).

Table of Contents

In this textbook, we collect information provided by the NIH Collaboratory Cores, NIH Collaboratory Trials, and the literature to explore considerations for designing, conducting, and disseminating ePCTs. We invite you to navigate through each section sequentially or use the navigation menu to select a topic of interest. A site map in the form of Table of Contents is also available.

Other Resources

Resource Description
Journal articles  
Articles on ethical challenges facing research on usual care
  • Bystander Ethics and Good Samaritanism: A Paradox for Learning Health Organizations
  • Ostriches and Obligations: Ethical Challenges Facing Research on Usual Care
Garcia et al. Clin Trials, 2019 Practical challenges in the conduct of pragmatic trials embedded in health plans: Lessons of IMPACT-AFib, an FDA-Catalyst trial
Tuzzio et al. Healthc (Amst), 2019 Pragmatic clinical trials offer unique opportunities for disseminating, implementing, and sustaining evidence-based practices into clinical care: Proceedings of a workshop
Weinfurt et al. BMC Med Res Method, 2017 Pragmatic clinical trials embedded in healthcare systems: generalizable lessons from the NIH Collaboratory
Sherman et al. N Engl J Med, 2016 Real-World Evidence - What Is It and What Can It Tell Us?
Ethical and Regulatory Issues in Pragmatic Clinical Trials: Special Issue of Clinical Trials This document provides background and links to a series of 12 articles on the ethics and regulatory challenges in pragmatic clinical trials. Each article in the special issue of Clinical Trials describes an issue in detail (e.g., privacy, informed consent) and, where possible, attempts to provide guidance for future pragmatic clinical trials.
White papers  
Determining Real-World Data’s Fitness for Use and the Role of Reliability This white paper from the Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy describes how real-world data can generate real-world evidence that more efficiently evaluates the potential benefits or risks of medical products, is more inclusive of broader patient populations, and more reflective of routine clinical and patient self-care.
Lessons Learned from the NIH Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory Trials This document presents problems and solutions for PCT initiation and implementation that were developed by drawing on the trial-specific experiences of the NIH Collaboratory Trials.
Websites
Research Methods Resources website The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Extramural Research has released new clinical trial requirements for grant applications and contract proposals due on or after January 25, 2018. In anticipation of these new requirements, the NIH modified the Application Guide and the Review Criteria to address methodological problems common to many clinical trials. As group- or cluster-randomization designs are increasingly common in both basic and applied research, the new Application Guide includes links to the new Research Methods Resources website, which provides resources for investigators considering these group- or cluster-randomized designs, including lists of NIH webinars, key references, and statements to help investigators prepare sound applications and avoid methodological pitfalls.

Previous Section

SECTIONS

CHAPTER SECTIONS
sections

  1. Why Are We Talking About Pragmatic Trials? – ARCHIVED
  2. The Embedded Pragmatic Clinical Trial Ecosystem – ARCHIVED
  3. Differentiating Between RCTs, PCTs, and Quality Improvement Activities – ARCHIVED
  4. Pragmatic Elements: An Introduction to PRECIS-2- ARCHIVED
  5. PRECIS-2 Case Study – ARCHIVED
  6. Key Considerations for PCTs – ARCHIVED
  7. Additional Resources – ARCHIVED


Version History

March 20, 2024: Added resources to table (changes made by K. Staman).

July 20, 2020: Added resources to table (changes made by L. Wing).

May 15, 2020: Added resource links for Training, PCT Grand Rounds, and Table of Contents as part of the annual content update (changes made by L. Wing).

Published August 25, 2017

current section :

Additional Resources – ARCHIVED

  1. Why Are We Talking About Pragmatic Trials? – ARCHIVED
  2. The Embedded Pragmatic Clinical Trial Ecosystem – ARCHIVED
  3. Differentiating Between RCTs, PCTs, and Quality Improvement Activities – ARCHIVED
  4. Pragmatic Elements: An Introduction to PRECIS-2- ARCHIVED
  5. PRECIS-2 Case Study – ARCHIVED
  6. Key Considerations for PCTs – ARCHIVED
  7. Additional Resources – ARCHIVED

Citation:

Weinfurt K. ARCHIVED – What is a Pragmatic Clinical Trial: Additional Resources – ARCHIVED. In: Rethinking Clinical Trials: A Living Textbook of Pragmatic Clinical Trials. Bethesda, MD: NIH Pragmatic Trials Collaboratory. Available at: https://rethinkingclinicaltrials.org/archived-what-is-a-pragmatic-clinical-trial/additional-pct-resources/. Updated September 25, 2025. DOI: 10.28929/094.

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